Provoking Thought: Punchlines

You want to hear a joke?

Why do Polish airplanes fly so low?
So the pilots can read the street signs.

So the joke was lame. But it becomes much funnier when you put it in a different context. Let's just say that the latest news out of Moscow and Warsaw aren't going to help out the stereotypes of Polish people.

Update - one of my buddies, as his Facebook status: is mowing his driveway in honor of the King of Poland dying yesterday.

Notable excerpts from the New York Times article:

Officials in Poland have repeatedly requested that the government’s aging air fleet be replaced...

...Russian air traffic controllers advised the crew to land in Minsk, but the crew decided to land anyway...

...Russian media reported that the airplane’s crew made several attempts to land before a wing hit the treetops and the plane crashed about half a mile from the runway.

I mean, this can't be good, right?

The notion of a stereotype is interesting to me. Not so much in the way that we use it in common language, or the way that sociologists use it. That's sort of a boring, superficial way to look at an outcome. However, looking at the process of why we stereotype, a more psychological approach, is what I prefer.

Basically, a stereotype is a heuristic (or simple decision rule) that people tend to use, largely because the placing of things into categories is one of the ways to simplify information. Basically, we don't have the capacity to constantly evaluate everything on it's own merits, from scratch. So we bring in information from our previous experiences and knowledge. This helps us make sense of the world around us. Now for something to take hold as a stereotype, there have to be roots in "truth" (we'll get to the quotation marks in a bit). And one argument for stereotypes being helpful to us is that if the things that we see in the world around us consistently run counter to the stereotypes that we hold, then the stereotypes are no longer useful, thus the stereotypes that we have must be consistent with the things that we see.

I particularly like nation-of-origin stereotypes. For example, the stereotype that Yugoslavian automobiles are terrible and may explode on contact may have no basis in fact, but it's what I believe. Similarly, the notion that all Swedish women are 6' tall, buxom blondes who do acrobatic feats on water skis while wearing skimpy bikinis is also a fact in my mind (though this one may be true - we will probably have to look at this more closely). However, stereotypes based on gender and sexual orientation are amusing to me, as well. Actually, as I think about it, I enjoy stereotypes of all sorts.

Now with regard to this notion of what we believe to be "true," we also carry a bias toward ourselves, since everyone thinks they're awesome, or at least better than they actually are. Part of this is because how we judge information is flawed. We don't treat information symmetrically, and I'm going to oversimplify the explanation. Positive and negative things are judged differently. Negative things stand out to us. People who study the effects of word-of-mouth on businesses say that it takes 6 or 7 pieces of good word-of-mouth to overcome one negative piece of word-of-mouth. So, if you believe that black people are criminals, even if you're surrounded by black people with MBAs, PhDs, JDs and MDs, if you see a black guy shoplift from a Wal-Mart, then you're probably going to continue with that belief. Think back to the early interaction between Gene Hackman and Chris O'Donnell in The Chamber, a movie based on the Grisham novel, where Hackman chides O'Donnell for his liberal sensibilities, and notes that when push comes to shove, the dark imagery that come about from stereotypes emerge.

And to be fair, if you buy into evolutionary arguments, these stereotypes emerge as an "avoidance" behavior, where we avoid things that are unfamiliar and dangerous, overestimating the risk and costs involved. Basically, a Type I error (where we have a false alarm) is something that keeps us alive. On the other hand, a Type II error (where we don't detect a threat) is something that makes us dead. So, we're conditioned to avoid unfamiliar situations and to be afraid of unfamiliar people. From this perspective, stereotypes serve a purpose, as well.

As far as overcoming stereotypes, the basic formula is time and effort. We know that 1 negative thing poisons our thoughts, even against the backdrop of generally positive things. So, if we, as a whole, care about changing stereotypes, the onus really has to fall on those who perpetuate the stereotypes. This includes both those who are being stereotyped, as well as those who pass on the stereotypes to others. For example, if I was worried about ending the stereotype that Polacks are dumb, I probably wouldn't have opened up things here with the Polack joke, or posted that NYT article.

Happily, I don't have that burden, and can simply enjoy laughing at the absurd, like I always do.

-Chairman

Provoking Thought: Moral Judgments in Objective Situations

I saw a preview for an upcoming movie on TV the other day. The movie was The Box, which is the upcoming Cameron Diaz movie, that's based on an old Twilight Zone episode, "Button, Button." Basically, the premise is this. Some stranger comes by, and has a little box, with a red button inside. Sort of like what you'd imagine a missile launch button in the Oval Office would look like.

See? That was easy. Now give me my million bucks. Or launch the nuke. Either way.

Now, the trick is, if you hit the button, you magically get a million bucks. The apparent drawback is that someone will die as a result. My first (and current) instinct is to start mashing buttons, like I was playing Nintendo. Think the old Track and Field game, where the faster you push the buttons, the faster your guy runs. In the old Twilight Zone episode, the button killed someone you didn't know. And after they push the button, the mysterious stranger informs the newly rich, button-pushing murders that he was going to give the button to "someone they didn't know." And that's supposed to horrify the button-pusher and the audience. Given my reaction, maybe it's not quite the moral dilemma that the writers of The Twilight Zone would have us believe it is. At least, it isn't for someone with my shaky track record on human rights. My working plan is to basically shoot the guy who came by the house with the button, keep the button, pretend the button is a bongo drum, and start printing the cash.

But what's interesting is how this device is supposed to capture our imaginations. In this country, we seem to be wired such that we demand not only justice in outcome (distributive justice), but also outcome in process (procedural justice). Now, the case of The Box, we're supposed to be somewhat offended at both the process (too whimsical, trading wealth for life), but also the outcome (one's gain at the expense at a presumably innocent party). Now what intrigues me is the idea that how we think about this problem quickly moves from a mindset of problem solving into a mindset of evaluating morality.

I've mentioned some research on intuition before in the Board Room done by one of my friends. One of his latest works is a book chapter on intuition, where he discusses the difference between intuition in problem solving and intuition in morality. Essentially, the differences boil down to two dimensions. The first is the level of affect at play (affect is basically equal to we describe emotion in common language). When we use intuition in problem solving, we generally have a low level of emotion involved. However, when we use intuition as, "an input in making moral decisions," it tends to be an emotionally charged process. The other interesting thing is in the evaluation process itself. When we are in a problem solving mode, our intuition is based on "very specific, domain-based knowledge." Essentially, we base our evaluations on our knowledge about the situation at hand. On the other hand, when we are making moral evaluations, our intuition is based on "moral prototypes," essentially examples that morality.

Now what's interesting is that when we try to evaluate the morality of a situation, we use information that is inferior for making objective decisions. Basically, the presence of affect is generally to be distracting toward problem optimization. And the use of a prototype (which is culturally negotiated and rather dynamic) can easily lead to faulty conclusions. Basically, we are much worse at using moral intuition than we are at using our problem solving intuition. And perhaps more interestingly, despite the use of this inferior information, we are actually more entrenched with our moral evaluations than we are with our more analytical ones.

It breaks down something like this. When we see someone commit a dishonest act, regardless of the number of honest acts this person has done, we use this prominent example, and make a moral judgment about him. And future honest acts have relatively less weight in changing our opinion. Now, compare this to an evaluation of someone's intelligent. When someone does something dumb, we generally don't label them as a dumb person, if we have seen other evidence that suggests that they are intelligent. And after a dumb action, relatively fewer intelligent acts would cause us to change our evaluation of this person. To compound things further, when we have a negative perception of a moral situation (i.e., I think this person is dishonest), it influences our objective evaluations (i.e., since I think this person is dishonest, I believe that he is less likely to be intelligent).

So why does this matter? A number of reasons. Certainly, we see the presence of suboptimal judgments when we attempt to apply morality in situations that call for brute analysis. Additionally, people may confuse the need for a problem solving with the desire for a moral judgment. And just as scary, we may not know when someone is acting based on a moral judgment or on an analytical one, so our understanding of human behavior could be off. Think about many of the hot-button topics that are in play right now. Things like gay marriage, abortion, environmentalism, educational policy, human rights, etc. And think about how people evaluate those situations. Often you see a fall back to the morality of the issue, and rather than the discussion of objective facts, the discussion hinges on exemplars or the prototypical images that pop into our heads.

Over at IJAB there are a couple posts that are touching on potentially controversial issues, including vaccination, drugs and gang violence, etc. One particular comment on the topic of vaccination comes from Robby (our very libertarian friend from previous discussion, such as this one), who notes that, "...the most vocal people against the vaccine are distinctly anti-science. They repeatedly ignore any and all legitimate research focusing mostly on some single event that happened to them personally." Robby's observation of everyday behavior is precisely what is predicted when people try to apply a moral judgment. People use inferior information, often with an exemplar/prototype, and have an emotionally-charged thought process. You could follow up his statement by then describing how people will use that exemplar as a start point, and then try to build an argument on that basic foundation.

Now what's interesting is that immediately, you see the Anonymous poster take offense at Robby's description by 1) claiming that they are a scientist, 2) claiming that there is evidence to prove a point, and 3) taking an emotionally-charged stance. Again, the suspicion is that Anonymous is trying to mask their moral judgment by claiming that it was an analytical one.

As you read through the commentary, you can probably guess where I stand. Again, given my shaky track record on human rights, it's not surprise that I agree with the Anonymous poster that we should stop giving out the vaccine, though I suspect that we agree on the course of action for very different reasons. Sadly, not enough people respond to my comments. My friend JK noted, "I start to get this nice discussion on my blog, until you post, and amazingly, the conversation stops."

I'll take that as a compliment.

-Chairman